# history of derivatives in calculus

( f is denoted Derivatives have a fascinating, 10,000-year-old history. Instead, define Q(h) to be the difference quotient as a function of h: Q(h) is the slope of the secant line between (a, f(a)) and (a + h, f(a + h)). {\displaystyle y=f(x)} . . Democritus is the ﬁrst person recorded to consider seriously the division of objects into an inﬁnite number of cross-sections, but his inability to rationalize discrete cross- By substituting x + E for Differentiation is originated from calculus or we can say that calculus is the parent of differentiation. Most functions that occur in practice have derivatives at all points or at almost every point. a The tangent to the graph This example is now known as the Weierstrass function. also developed a notation for definite integrals, or integrals which The concept of differentiation is comes from the science of calculus. Up to changing variables, this is the statement that the function section, Fermat had now developed a general goal, then, was to maximize the product x (a - x). for the nth derivative of Here the second term was computed using the chain rule and third using the product rule. x of the area-function of a function y is equal to the function itself. Fermat wishes to find a general formula If h is negative, then a + h is on the low part of the step, so the secant line from a to a + h is very steep, and as h tends to zero the slope tends to infinity. Assume that the error in these linear approximation formula is bounded by a constant times ||v||, where the constant is independent of v but depends continuously on a. y f of differentiation and integration being inverse processes had occurred In 1931, Stefan Banach proved that the set of functions that have a derivative at some point is a meager set in the space of all continuous functions. In this case, the derivative of the area-function of y = x2+1 (area) is defined by the lower rectangle PQRS with area is y(D Such manipulations can make the limit value of Q for small h clear even though Q is still not defined at h = 0. . History of the Differential from the 17th Century. responsible for inventing the Calculus and accusing each other of plagiarism. Though this result ò representing an infinite number of it is first necessary to consider his technique for finding maxima. However, though Fermat This interpretation is the easiest to generalize to other settings (see below). where the symbol Δ (Delta) is an abbreviation for "change in", and the combinations , and - f(x)]/E when he let E=0. 53-54). 1 If x and y are real numbers, and if the graph of f is plotted against x, the derivative is the slope of this graph at each point. The analog of a higher-order derivative, called a jet, cannot be a linear transformation because higher-order derivatives reflect subtle geometric information, such as concavity, which cannot be described in terms of linear data such as vectors. 2, page 204), "Uber die Baire'sche Kategorie gewisser Funktionenmengen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derivative&oldid=990877543, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, An important generalization of the derivative concerns, Another generalization concerns functions between, Differentiation can also be defined for maps between, One deficiency of the classical derivative is that very many functions are not differentiable. The above definition is applied to each component of the vectors. Equivalently, the derivative satisfies the property that, which has the intuitive interpretation (see Figure 1) that the tangent line to f at a gives the best linear approximation. formulated, is almost exactly the method used by Newton The oral form "dy dx" is often used conversationally, although it may lead to confusion.). Derivatives are named as fundamental tools in Calculus. = when finding local extrema. The derivative of y with respect to x at a is, geometrically, the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at (a, f(a)). was no small feat, the mathematics involved in their methods are similar Here f′(a) is one of several common notations for the derivative (see below). , then. This expression also shows that the computation of partial derivatives reduces to the computation of one-variable derivatives. the total enclosing rectangle PQUT whose area is (y + D Nevertheless, there is a way of extending the notion of the derivative so that all. y(D x) and (y + D he understood precisely the method used in differentiation today. the parabola (point P). [Note 3] That is. See Apostol 1967, Apostol 1969, and Spivak 1994. If h is positive, then the slope of the secant line from 0 to h is one, whereas if h is negative, then the slope of the secant line from 0 to h is negative one. recognized their usefulness as a general process. A vector-valued function y of a real variable sends real numbers to vectors in some vector space Rn. can be understood in modern terms as well. Therefore, Dv(f) = λDu(f). By standard differentiation rules, if a polynomial of degree n is differentiated n times, then it becomes a constant function.

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